Constituencies (a.k.a.
parliamentary constituencies): each electing one Member of Parliament (MP)
every 5 years to the House of Commons (Parliament). There are 650
constituencies in the UK.Wards (a.k.a. electoral
divisions or electoral wards) is the primary unit of English electoral
geography for borough and district councils, county councils or city councils. Each ward
elects either one or two councillors to be members of the local council. There were 9,456 electoral wards/divisions in the UK and each ward has
an average electorate of about 5,500 people, but ward population can vary
substantially.Local council is
made up of a number of Councillors (Cllr) who meet regularly to make decisions about
the direction of the council and the work it does for the community. As elected
bodies local councils are responsible to their
local community. Attending a council meeting is the best way to find out what
they do and how they make decisions. Members of public can attend public council
meetin…
Traditional subscription-based journals recover the costs of peer review and editing by charging for access to their products. But Open Access (OA) journals often use an 'author pays' business model which shifts the payment burden from users to publishers, i.e. costs are recovered by charging authors, their funding bodies or employers, and papers are made available free of charge to the readers.
10-15% of the 20–25,000 peer-reviewed journals are OA journals. Some open access publishers, such as Public Library of Science (PLoS), publish only open access material; others, such as BioMed Central, publish open access journals as well as subscription-based material.
No all OA journals charge publication fees. Roughly half the OA publications have author fees to cover the cost of publishing (e.g. PLoS fees vary from $1,300 to $2,850) instead of reader subscription fees. Some of the no-fee OA journals have institutional subsidies and donations. Advertising revenue and funding from foundations are also used to provide funding.
The main reason authors make their articles openly accessible is to maximize their research impact, which is an important factor for assessing quality of research output.
10-15% of the 20–25,000 peer-reviewed journals are OA journals. Some open access publishers, such as Public Library of Science (PLoS), publish only open access material; others, such as BioMed Central, publish open access journals as well as subscription-based material.
No all OA journals charge publication fees. Roughly half the OA publications have author fees to cover the cost of publishing (e.g. PLoS fees vary from $1,300 to $2,850) instead of reader subscription fees. Some of the no-fee OA journals have institutional subsidies and donations. Advertising revenue and funding from foundations are also used to provide funding.
The main reason authors make their articles openly accessible is to maximize their research impact, which is an important factor for assessing quality of research output.
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